Version: Beta 🚧

📚 Building a Production AI Application with Tecton

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Tecton helps you build and productionize real-time ML models by making it easy to define, test, and deploy features for training and serving.

Let’s see how quickly we can build a real-time fraud detection model and bring it online.

In this tutorial we will:

Connect to data on S3
Define and test features
Generate a training dataset and train a model
Productionize our features for real-time serving
Run real-time inference to predict fraudulent transactions

This tutorial is expected to take about 30 minutes (record time for building a real-time ML application 😎).

tip

Most of this tutorial is intended to be run in a notebook. Some steps will explicitly note to run commands in your terminal.

⚙️ Install Pre-Reqs

First things first, let's install the Tecton SDK and other libraries used by this tutorial (we recommend in a virtual environment) using:

!pip install 'tecton[rift]==1.0.0' gcsfs s3fs scikit-learn -q

✅ Log in to Tecton

Next we will authenticate with your organization's Tecton account.

For users that just signed up via explore.tecton.ai you can leave this step as is. If your organization has its own Tecton account, replace explore.tecton.ai with your account url.

Note: You need to press enter after pasting in your authentication code.

import tecton

tecton.login("explore.tecton.ai")  # replace with your URL

Let's then run some basic imports and setup that we will use later in the tutorial.

from tecton import Entity, BatchSource, FileConfig, batch_feature_view, Aggregate
from tecton.types import Field, String, Timestamp, Float64
from datetime import datetime, timedelta

tecton.conf.set("TECTON_OFFLINE_RETRIEVAL_COMPUTE_MODE", "rift")

Now we're ready to build!

🔎 Examine raw data

First let's examine some historical transaction data that we have available on S3.

import pandas as pd

transactions_df = pd.read_parquet("s3://tecton.ai.public/tutorials/transactions.pq", storage_options={"anon": True})

display(transactions_df.head(5))

	timestamp	user_id	transaction_id	merchant	merch_lat	merch_long	amount
0	2021-01-01 00:12:17.950882	user_7342348753	df2d61fff650bc36569ab670587e63f1	Lulu's	-69.4247360	-121.575701	732.27
1	2021-01-01 00:14:23.411801	user_5436822157	496cb3f422558c4c38f314de0de0b1dd	Camelot Music	31.7865990	75.024895	56.14
2	2021-01-01 00:16:39.189817	user_8080551036	36fade390801962b59d77450075b4f28	Ernst	50.7420510	125.977939	514.87
3	2021-01-01 00:41:32.604106	user_6906984756	e2e2f26c39ecb634d3d28e7c009e93aa	EG Group	56.3064050	-59.094746	43.85
4	2021-01-01 00:45:22.095249	user_7171471634	1f6d4225dc6ae8d02f3674c687c0f1cf	Younkers	-81.8907620	82.762924	50.74

👩‍💻 Define and test features locally

In our data, we see that there's information on users' transactions over time.

Let's use this data to create the following features:

A user's average transaction amount over 1, 3, and 7 days.
A user's total transaction count over 1, 3, and 7 days.

To build these features, we will define a "Batch Source" and "Batch Feature View" using Tecton's Feature Engineering Framework.

A Feature View is how we define our feature logic and give Tecton the information it needs to productionize, monitor, and manage features.

Tecton's development workflow allows you to build and test features, as well as generate training data entirely in a notebook! Let's try it out.

transactions = BatchSource(
    name="transactions",
    batch_config=FileConfig(
        uri="s3://tecton.ai.public/tutorials/transactions.pq",
        file_format="parquet",
        timestamp_field="timestamp",
    ),
)

# An entity defines the concept we are modeling features for
# The join keys will be used to aggregate, join, and retrieve features
user = Entity(name="user", join_keys=[Field("user_id", String)])

# We use Pandas to transform the raw data and Tecton aggregations to efficiently and accurately compute metrics across raw events
# Feature View decorators contain a wide range of parameters for materializing, cataloging, and monitoring features
@batch_feature_view(
    description="User transaction metrics over 1, 3 and 7 days",
    sources=[transactions],
    entities=[user],
    mode="pandas",
    aggregation_interval=timedelta(days=1),
    timestamp_field="timestamp",
    features=[
        Aggregate(input_column=Field("amount", Float64), function="mean", time_window=timedelta(days=1)),
        Aggregate(input_column=Field("amount", Float64), function="mean", time_window=timedelta(days=3)),
        Aggregate(input_column=Field("amount", Float64), function="mean", time_window=timedelta(days=7)),
        Aggregate(input_column=Field("amount", Float64), function="count", time_window=timedelta(days=1)),
        Aggregate(input_column=Field("amount", Float64), function="count", time_window=timedelta(days=3)),
        Aggregate(input_column=Field("amount", Float64), function="count", time_window=timedelta(days=7)),
    ],
)
def user_transaction_metrics(transactions):
    return transactions[["user_id", "timestamp", "amount"]]

🧪 Test features interactively

Now that we've defined our Feature View, we can use get_features_in_range to produce a range of feature values and check out the data.

start = datetime(2022, 1, 1)
end = datetime(2022, 2, 1)

df = user_transaction_metrics.get_features_in_range(start_time=start, end_time=end).to_pandas()

display(df.head(5))

index	user_id	amount_mean_1d_1d	amount_mean_3d_1d	amount_mean_7d_1d	amount_count_1d_1d	amount_count_3d_1d	amount_count_7d_1d	_valid_to	_valid_from
0	user_1376786590	89.22	89.22	89.22	1	1	1	2022-01-09 00:00:00	2022-01-08 00:00:00
1	user_1473958323	5.47	5.47	5.47	1	1	1	2022-01-24 00:00:00	2022-01-23 00:00:00
2	user_1706536857	49.12	49.12	41.95	1	1	2	2022-01-16 00:00:00	2022-01-15 00:00:00
3	user_2418695866	59.2	59.2	308.67	1	1	2	2022-01-27 00:00:00	2022-01-26 00:00:00
4	user_2591596648	70.16	70.16	70.16	1	1	1	2022-01-23 00:00:00	2022-01-22 00:00:00

🧮 Generate training data

We'll build our training dataset from labeled historical transactions and try to predict the "is_fraud" column for a given transaction.

First, let's load our label dataset, which indicates whether a transaction in our historical dataset was fraudulent.

training_labels = pd.read_parquet("s3://tecton.ai.public/tutorials/labels.pq", storage_options={"anon": True})
display(training_labels.head(5))

index	transaction_id	is_fraud
0	df2d61fff650bc36569ab670587e63f1	0
1	496cb3f422558c4c38f314de0de0b1dd	0
2	36fade390801962b59d77450075b4f28	0
3	e2e2f26c39ecb634d3d28e7c009e93aa	0
4	1f6d4225dc6ae8d02f3674c687c0f1cf	0

Let's join our transactions dataset to our label dataset (on the transaction_id column) to produce a set of training events we'll then use to generate our training data.

training_events = training_labels.merge(transactions_df, on=["transaction_id"], how="left")[
    ["user_id", "timestamp", "amount", "is_fraud"]
]
display(training_events.head(5))

index	user_id	timestamp	amount
0	user_7342348753	2021-01-01 00:12:17.950882	732.27
1	user_5436822157	2021-01-01 00:14:23.411801	56.14
2	user_8080551036	2021-01-01 00:16:39.189817	514.87
3	user_6906984756	2021-01-01 00:41:32.604106	43.85
4	user_7171471634	2021-01-01 00:45:22.095249	50.74

Next, let's ask Tecton to join the features we just created into our labeled events. Tecton will perform a time travel join to fetch point-in-time correct feature values.

To do this we will create a "Feature Service" which defines the list of features that will be used by our model.

We can call get_features_for_events(training_events) on the Feature Service to get historically accurate features for each event.

from tecton import FeatureService

fraud_detection_feature_service = FeatureService(
    name="fraud_detection_feature_service", features=[user_transaction_metrics]
)

training_data = fraud_detection_feature_service.get_features_for_events(training_events).to_pandas().fillna(0)
display(training_data.sample(5))

index	user_id	timestamp	amount
0	user_1028747636	2021-01-03 08:42:43.668406	77.09
1	user_1155940157	2021-01-21 03:27:42.566411	43.01
2	user_1567708646	2021-01-20 13:57:14.832615	536.1
3	user_1567708646	2021-01-21 18:13:41.535067	72.16
4	user_1755385063	2021-01-05 04:19:08.782106	96.84

🧠 Train a model

Once we have our training data set from Tecton, we can use whatever framework we want for training the model.

In the example below, we'll train a simple Logistic Regression model using sklearn!

from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
from sklearn.impute import SimpleImputer
from sklearn.preprocessing import OneHotEncoder, StandardScaler
from sklearn.compose import ColumnTransformer
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn import metrics


df = training_data.drop(["user_id", "timestamp", "amount"], axis=1)

X = df.drop("is_fraud", axis=1)
y = df["is_fraud"]

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.3, random_state=42)

num_cols = X_train.select_dtypes(exclude=["object"]).columns.tolist()
cat_cols = X_train.select_dtypes(include=["object"]).columns.tolist()

num_pipe = make_pipeline(SimpleImputer(strategy="median"), StandardScaler())

cat_pipe = make_pipeline(
    SimpleImputer(strategy="constant", fill_value="N/A"), OneHotEncoder(handle_unknown="ignore", sparse_output=False)
)

full_pipe = ColumnTransformer([("num", num_pipe, num_cols), ("cat", cat_pipe, cat_cols)])

model = make_pipeline(full_pipe, LogisticRegression(max_iter=1000, random_state=42))

model.fit(X_train, y_train)

y_predict = model.predict(X_test)

print(metrics.classification_report(y_test, y_predict, zero_division=0))

	precision	recall	f1-score	support
0	0.93	0.99	0.96	27076
1	0.82	0.30	0.44	2924
accuracy			0.93	30000
macro avg	0.87	0.65	0.70	30000
weighted avg	0.92	0.93	0.91	30000

Of course, you can continue iterating on features and retraining your model until you are ready to productionize.

🚀 Apply your Tecton application to production

Tecton objects get registered via a declarative workflow. Features are defined as code in a repo and applied to a workspace in a Tecton account using the Tecton CLI. A workspace is like a project for your team or org and corresponds to a single feature repository.

This declarative workflow enables productionization best practices such as "features as code," CI/CD, and unit testing.

Heads Up!

This section requires your organization to have its own Tecton account. But don't fret! If you are a user of explore.tecton.ai, we've done these steps for you. You can read through it and continue with the rest of the tutorial, picking back up at the "Check on backfilling status" section below.

If you want to productionize your own features with your own data, you can sign up for an unrestricted free trial at tecton.ai/free-trial.

1. Create a Tecton Feature Repository

Let's switch over from our notebook to a terminal and create a new Tecton Feature Repository. For now we will put all our definitions in a single file.

✅ Run these commands to create a new Tecton repo.

mkdir tecton-feature-repo
cd tecton-feature-repo
touch features.py
tecton init

2. Fill in features.py and enable materialization

✅ Now copy & paste the definition of the Tecton objects you created in your notebook to features.py (copied below).

On our Feature View we've added four parameters to enable backfilling and ongoing materialization to the offline and online Feature Store:

online=True
offline=True
feature_start_time=datetime(2020,1,1)
batch_schedule=timedelta(days=1)

The offline and online Feature Stores are used for storing and serving feature values for training and inference. For more information, check out Tecton Concepts.

When we apply our changes to a Live Workspace, Tecton will automatically kick off jobs to backfill feature data from feature_start_time. Frontfill jobs will then run on the defined batch_schedule.

note

Besides the new materialization parameters, the code below is exactly the same as our definitions above. No changes are required when moving from interactive development to productionization!

features.py

from tecton import Entity, BatchSource, FileConfig, batch_feature_view, Aggregate, FeatureService
from tecton.types import Field, String, Timestamp, Float64
from datetime import datetime, timedelta


transactions = BatchSource(
    name="transactions",
    batch_config=FileConfig(
        uri="s3://tecton.ai.public/tutorials/transactions.pq",
        file_format="parquet",
        timestamp_field="timestamp",
    ),
)

# An entity defines the concept we are modeling features for
# The join keys will be used to aggregate, join, and retrieve features
user = Entity(name="user", join_keys=[Field("user_id", String)])

# We use Pandas to transform the raw data and Tecton aggregations to efficiently and accurately compute metrics across raw events
# Feature View decorators contain a wide range of parameters for materializing, cataloging, and monitoring features
@batch_feature_view(
    description="User transaction metrics over 1, 3 and 7 days",
    sources=[transactions],
    entities=[user],
    mode="pandas",
    timestamp_field="timestamp",
    aggregation_interval=timedelta(days=1),
    features=[
        Aggregate(input_column=Field("amount", Float64), function="mean", time_window=timedelta(days=1)),
        Aggregate(input_column=Field("amount", Float64), function="mean", time_window=timedelta(days=3)),
        Aggregate(input_column=Field("amount", Float64), function="mean", time_window=timedelta(days=7)),
        Aggregate(input_column=Field("amount", Float64), function="count", time_window=timedelta(days=1)),
        Aggregate(input_column=Field("amount", Float64), function="count", time_window=timedelta(days=3)),
        Aggregate(input_column=Field("amount", Float64), function="count", time_window=timedelta(days=7)),
    ],
    online=True,
    offline=True,
    feature_start_time=datetime(2020, 1, 1),
    batch_schedule=timedelta(days=1),
)
def user_transaction_metrics(transactions):
    return transactions[["user_id", "timestamp", "amount"]]


fraud_detection_feature_service = FeatureService(
    name="fraud_detection_feature_service", features=[user_transaction_metrics]
)

3. Apply your changes to a new workspace

Our last step is to login to your organization's Tecton account and apply our repo to a workspace!

✅ Run the following commands in your terminal to create a workspace and apply your changes:

tecton login [your-org-account-name].tecton.ai
tecton workspace create [your-name]-quickstart --live
tecton apply

Using workspace "[your-name]-quickstart" on cluster https://explore.tecton.ai
✅ Imported 1 Python module from the feature repository
✅ Imported 1 Python module from the feature repository
⚠️  Running Tests: No tests found.
✅ Collecting local feature declarations
✅ Performing server-side feature validation: Initializing.
 ↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓ Plan Start ↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓

  + Create Batch Data Source
    name:           transactions

  + Create Entity
    name:           user

  + Create Transformation
    name:           user_transaction_metrics
    description:    Trailing average transaction amount over 1, 3 and 7 days

  + Create Batch Feature View
    name:           user_transaction_metrics
    description:    Trailing average transaction amount over 1, 3 and 7 days
    materialization: 11 backfills, 1 recurring batch job
    > backfill:     10 Backfill jobs 2020-01-01 00:00:00 UTC to 2023-08-16 00:00:00 UTC writing to the Offline Store
                    1 Backfill job 2023-08-16 00:00:00 UTC to 2023-08-23 00:00:00 UTC writing to both the Online and Offline Store
    > incremental:  1 Recurring Batch job scheduled every 1 day writing to both the Online and Offline Store

  + Create Feature Service
    name:           fraud_detection_feature_service

 ↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑ Plan End ↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑
 Generated plan ID is 8d01ad78e3194a5dbd3f934f04d71564
 View your plan in the Web UI: https://explore.tecton.ai/app/[your-name]-quickstart/plan-summary/8d01ad78e3194a5dbd3f934f04d71564
 ⚠️  Objects in plan contain warnings.

Note: Updates to Feature Services may take up to 60 seconds to be propagated to the real-time feature-serving endpoint.
Note: This workspace ([your-name]-quickstart) is a "Live" workspace. Applying this plan may result in new materialization jobs which will incur costs. Carefully examine the plan output before applying changes.
Are you sure you want to apply this plan to: "[your-name]-quickstart"? [y/N]> y
🎉 all done!

🟢 Check on backfilling status

Now that we've applied our features to a live workspace and enabled materialization to the online and offline store, we can check on the status of backfill jobs in the Tecton Web UI.

This can be found at the following URL (replace [your-org-account-name] and [your-workspace-name] with the appropriate values):

https://[your-org-account-name].tecton.ai/app/repo/[your-workspace-name]/features/user_transaction_metrics/materialization

If you are using explore.tecton.ai, the URL will be: https://explore.tecton.ai/app/repo/prod/features/user_transaction_metrics/materialization

Once the backfill jobs have completed, we can fetch feature values online!

Materialization Jobs

⚡️ Create a function to retrieve features from Tecton's HTTP API

Now let's use Tecton's HTTP API to retrieve features at low latency.

To do this, you will first need to create a new Service Account and give it access to read features from your workspace.

✅ Head to the following URL to create a new service account (replace "explore" with your organization's account name in the URL as necessary). Be sure to save the API key!

https://explore.tecton.ai/app/settings/accounts-and-access/service-accounts?create-service-account=true

✅ If you are using explore.tecton.ai, this account will automatically be given the necessary privileges to read features from the "prod" workspace. Otherwise, you should give the service account access to read features from your newly created workspace by following these steps:

Navigate to the Service Account page by clicking on your new service account in the list at the URL above
Click on "Assign Workspace Access"
Select your workspace and give the service account the "Consumer" role

✅ Copy the generated API key into the code snippet below where it says your-api-key. Also be sure to replace the workspace and account name with your newly created workspace name and account name if necessary.

import requests, json


def get_online_feature_data(user_id):
    TECTON_API_KEY = "your-api-key"  # replace with your API key
    WORKSPACE_NAME = "prod"  # replace with your new workspace name if needed
    ACCOUNT_URL = "explore.tecton.ai"  # replace with your org account URL if needed

    headers = {"Authorization": "Tecton-key " + TECTON_API_KEY}

    request_data = f"""{{
        "params": {{
            "feature_service_name": "fraud_detection_feature_service",
            "join_key_map": {{"user_id": "{user_id}"}},
            "metadata_options": {{"include_names": true}},
            "workspace_name": "{WORKSPACE_NAME}"
        }}
    }}"""

    online_feature_data = requests.request(
        method="POST",
        headers=headers,
        url=f"https://{ACCOUNT_URL}/api/v1/feature-service/get-features",
        data=request_data,
    )

    online_feature_data_json = json.loads(online_feature_data.text)

    return online_feature_data_json

Now we can use our function to retrieve features at low latency!

user_id = "user_1990251765"

feature_data = get_online_feature_data(user_id)

if "result" not in feature_data:
    print("Error: Either your feature data is not done materializing, or you have an incorrect API key above.")
else:
    print(feature_data["result"])

{'features': [None, 14.64, 12.296666666666667, None, '2', '3']}

💡 Create a function to make a prediction given feature data

Now that we can fetch feature data online, let's create a function that takes a feature vector and runs model inference to get a fraud prediction.

info

Typically you'd instead use a model serving API that is hosting your model. Here we run inference directly in our notebook for simplicity.

import pandas as pd


def get_prediction_from_model(feature_data):
    columns = [f["name"].replace(".", "__") for f in feature_data["metadata"]["features"]]
    data = [feature_data["result"]["features"]]

    features = pd.DataFrame(data, columns=columns)[X.columns]

    return model.predict(features)[0]

✨ Run inference using features from Tecton

Let's combine these functions and run inference!

We can fetch our online features from Tecton, call our inference function, and get a prediction.

user_id = "user_1990251765"

online_feature_data = get_online_feature_data(user_id)
prediction = get_prediction_from_model(online_feature_data)

print(prediction)

🔥 Create a function to evaluate a user transaction and accept or reject it

Our final step is to use our new fraud prediction pipeline to make decisions and take action in our application.

In the function below we use simple business logic to decide whether to accept or reject a transaction based on our predicted fraud score.

def evaluate_transaction(user_id):
    online_feature_data = get_online_feature_data(user_id)
    is_predicted_fraud = get_prediction_from_model(online_feature_data)

    if is_predicted_fraud == 0:
        return "Transaction accepted."
    else:
        return "Transaction denied."

💰 Evaluate a transaction

Put it all together and we have a single online, low-latency decision API for our application. Try it out below!

evaluate_transaction("user_1990251765")

Transaction accepted.

⭐️ Conclusion

In this tutorial, we were able to quickly make an end to end real-time fraud detection application using features built in Tecton.

We tested our features, built training data sets, productionized features with engineering best practices, retrieved features online, and made decisions in real time!

But Tecton can do so much more:

streaming features
real-time features
monitoring
unit testing
cataloging and discovery
access controls
cost management
rules engines

...and more.

Next, we recommend checking out our tutorial on building streaming features to learn more about how to infuse your models with real-time data using nothing more than Python!

⚙️ Install Pre-Reqs​

✅ Log in to Tecton​

🔎 Examine raw data​

👩‍💻 Define and test features locally​

🧪 Test features interactively​

🧮 Generate training data​

🧠 Train a model​

🚀 Apply your Tecton application to production​

1. Create a Tecton Feature Repository​

2. Fill in features.py and enable materialization​

3. Apply your changes to a new workspace​

🟢 Check on backfilling status​

⚡️ Create a function to retrieve features from Tecton's HTTP API​

💡 Create a function to make a prediction given feature data​

✨ Run inference using features from Tecton​

🔥 Create a function to evaluate a user transaction and accept or reject it​

💰 Evaluate a transaction​

⭐️ Conclusion​

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